공무원기출문제
2023년 법원직 9급 영어 기출문제
문 1】Henry Molaison에 대한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Henry Molaison, a 27-year-old man, suffered from debilitating *seizures for about a decade in the 1950s. On September 1, 1953, Molaison allowed surgeons to remove a section of tissue from each side of his brain to stop the seizures. The operation worked, but Molaison was left with permanent **amnesia, unable to form new memories. This tragic outcome led to one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century brain science: the discovery that complex functions like learning and memory are linked to specific regions of the brain. Molaison became known as “H.M.” in research to protect his privacy. Scientists William Scoville studied Molaison and nine other patients who had similar surgeries, finding that only those who had parts of their ***medial temporal lobes removed experienced memory problems, specifically with recent memory. He discovered that a specific structure in the brain was necessary for normal memory. Molaison's life was a series of firsts, as he couldn't remember anything he had done before. However, he was able to acquire new motor skills over time. Studies of Molaison allowed neuroscientists to further explore the brain networks involved in conscious and unconscious memories, even after his death in 2008.
* seizure 발작
** amnesia 기억 상실증
*** medial temporal lobe 내측 측두엽
 ① 외과의사들이 발작을 멈추기 위해 그의 뇌의 양쪽에서 조직 의 한 부분을 제거하게 했다. ② 수술 결과는 학습과 기억과 같은 복잡한 기능들이 뇌의 특 정 영역과 연결되어 있다는 발견으로 이어졌다. ③ 살아가면서 이전에 한 일을 조금씩 기억할 수 있었지만, 시 간이 지나면서 운동 능력이 약화되었다. ④ 그에 대한 연구는 의식적 기억 및 무의식적 기억과 관련된 뇌의 연결 조직을 더 탐구할 수 있게 하였다.
                           




문 2】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Humans have an inborn *affinity for nature that goes beyond the tangible benefits we derive from the microbes, plants, and animals of the **biomes ①in which we live. The idea that nature in the form of landscapes, plants, and animals ② are good for our well-being is old and can be traced to Charles Darwin or earlier. This idea was called biophilia by psychologist Erich Fromm and was studied by Harvard ant biologist Edward O. Wilson and Stephen Kellert. In 1984, Wilson published Biophilia, which was followed by another book, The Biophilia Hypothesis,③ edited by Kellert and Wilson, in 1995. Their biophilia hypothesis is ④ that humans have a universal desire to be in natural settings.
* affinity 친밀감
** biome 생물군계(生物群系)

                           




문 3】다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Life on Earth faced an extreme test of survivability during the *Cryogenian Period, which began 720 million years ago. The planet was frozen over most of the 85 million-year period. But life somehow survived during this time called “Snowball Earth”. Scientists are trying to better understand the start of this period. They believe a greatly reduced amount of the sun's warmth reached the planet's surface as its radiation bounced off the white ice sheets. Also, they said the fossils found in black shale and identified as seaweed are a sign that livable water environments were more widespread at the time than they once believed. The findings of some research support the idea that the planet was more of a “Slushball Earth” with melting snow. This enabled the earliest forms of complex life to survive in areas once thought to have been frozen solid. The researchers said the most important finding was that ice-free, open water conditions existed in place during the last part of so-called “the Ice Age”. The findings demonstrate that the world's oceans were not completely frozen. It means areas of habitable refuge existed where multicellular organisms could survive.
* Cryogenian Period 크라이오제니아기
(600∼850만년 전 시기) ① 지구는 8천 5백만 년의 대부분의 기간 동안 얼어 있었지만 생명체는 살아남았다. ② 과학자들은 “눈덩이 지구” 기간 동안에도 지구의 표면에 다 다른 태양의 온기가 크게 감소하지 않았다고 믿고 있다. ③ “슬러시볼 지구”의 기간 동안에 초기 형태의 복잡한 생명체 가 생존하는 것은 가능했다. ④ 연구결과 "빙하 시대" 후반기의 세계의 바다가 완전히 얼지 않았다는 것이 입증되었다.
                           




문 4】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
As global temperatures rise, so do sea levels, threatening coastal communities around the world. Surprisingly, even small organisms like oysters _____. Oysters are keystone species with *ripple effects on the health of their ecosystems and its inhabitants. Just one adult oyster can filter up to fifty gallons of water in a single day, making waterways cleaner. Healthy oyster reefs also provide a home for hundreds of other marine organisms, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem balance. As rising sea levels lead to pervasive flooding, oyster reefs act as walls to buffer storms and protect against further coastal erosion.
* ripple effect 파급효과 ① can come to our defense ② can be the food for emergency ③ may be contaminated by microplastics ④ can increase the income of local residents
                           




문 5】다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The myth of the taste map, which claims that different sections of the tongue are responsible for specific tastes, is incorrect, according to modern science. The taste map originated from the experiments of German scientist David Hänig in the early 1900s, which found that the tongue is most sensitive to tastes along the edges and not so much at the center. However, this has been misinterpreted over the years to claim that sweet is at the front of the tongue, bitter is at the back, and salty and sour are at the sides. In reality, different tastes are sensed by *taste buds all over the tongue. Taste buds work together to make us crave or dislike certain foods, based on our long-term learning and association. For example, our ancestors needed fruit for nutrients and easy calories, so we are naturally drawn to sweet tastes, while bitterness in some plants serves as a warning of toxicity. Of course, different species in the animal kingdom also have unique taste abilities: carnivores do not eat fruit and therefore do not crave sugar like humans do.
* taste bud 미뢰
⇩
The claim that different parts of the tongue are responsible for specific tastes has been proven to be (A)___ by modern science, and the taste preferences are influenced by the (B)___ history. ① (A)correct … (B)evolutionary ② (A)false … (B)evolutionary ③ (A)false … (B)psychological ④ (A)correct … (B)psychological
                           




문 6】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Language is the primary means ① by which people communicate with one another. Although most creatures communicate, human speech is more complex, more creative, and ② used more extensively than the communication systems of other animals. Language is an essential part of what it means to be human and is a basic part of all cultures. Linguistic anthropology is concerned with understanding language and its relation to culture. Language is an amazing thing ③ what we take for granted. When we speak, we use our bodies-our lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, and lips-to produce noises of varying tone and pitch. And, somehow, when we and others ④ do this together, we are able to communicate with one another, but only if we speak the same language. Linguistic anthropologists want to understand the variation among languages and how language is structured, learned, and used.
                           




문 7】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Healthcare chatbots have been purposed to solve this problem and ensure proper diagnosis and advice for people from the comfort of their homes. People have grown hesitant to approach hospitals or health centers due to the fear of contracting a disease or the heavy sum of consultation fees. ( ① ) This leads them to self-diagnose themselves based upon unverified information sources on the Internet. ( ② ) This often proves harmful effects on the person's mental and physical health if misdiagnosed and improper medicines are consumed. ( ③ ) Based upon the severity of the diagnosis, the chatbot prescribes over the counter treatment or escalates the diagnosis to a verified healthcare professional. ( ④ ) Interactive chatbots that have been trained on a large and wide variety of symptoms, risk factors, and treatment can handle user health queries with ease, especially in the case of COVID-19.
                           




문 8】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Sports fan depression is a real phenomenon that affects many *avid sports fans, especially during times of disappointment or defeat. (A) Fans may experience a decrease in mood, appetite, and sleep quality, as well as an increase in stress levels and a heightened risk of developing anxiety or depression. There are many factors that can contribute to sports fan depression, including personal investment in a team's success, social pressures to support a particular team, and the intense media coverage and scrutiny that often accompanies high-profile sports events. (B) For many fans, their emotional investment in their favorite teams or athletes can be so intense that losing or failing to meet expectations can lead to feelings of sadness, frustration, and even depression. Research has shown that sports fan depression can have a range of negative effects on both mental and physical health. (C) To mitigate the negative effects of sports fan depression, it's important for fans to maintain a healthy perspective on sports and remember that they are ultimately just games. Engaging in self-care activities such as exercise, spending time with loved ones, and seeking support from a mental health professional can also be helpful. * avid 열심인 ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C) ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (B) - (A)
                           




문 9】Roald Dahl에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것 은?
Roald Dahl (1916-1990) was born in Wales of Norwegian parents. He spent his childhood in England and, at age eighteen, went to work for the Shell Oil Company in Africa. When World War II broke out, he joined the Royal Air Force and became a fighter pilot. At the age of twenty-six he moved to Washington, D.C., and it was there he began to write. His first short story, which recounted his adventures in the war, was bought by The Saturday Evening Post, and so began a long and illustrious career. After establishing himself as a writer for adults, Roald Dahl began writing children’s stories in 1960 while living in England with his family. His first stories were written as entertainment for his own children, to whom many of his books are dedicated. Roald Dahl is now considered one of the most beloved storytellers of our time. ① 어린 시절을 영국에서 보냈고, 18세에 아프리카에서 일했다. ② 2차 세계대전이 발발했을 때는 공군에 입대하여 조종사가 되었다. ③ 전쟁에서 자신의 모험을 다룬 첫 번째 단편 소설을 썼다. ④ 성인을 위한 작가가 된 뒤 영국에서 가족과 떨어져 혼자 살면서 글을 썼다.
                           




문10】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
One of the most interesting discoveries in the field of new sources of sustainable energy is bio-solar energy from jellyfish. Scientists have discovered that the fluorescent protein in this animal can be used to generate solar energy in a more sustainable way than current *photovoltaic energy. How is this energy generated? ①The process involves converting the jellyfish’s fluorescent protein into a solar cell that is capable of generating energy and transferring it to small devices. ②There has been constant criticism that the natural environment is being damaged by reckless solar power generation. ③The main advantage of using these living beings as a natural energy source is that they are a clean alternative that does not use fossil fuels or require the use of limited resources. ④Although this project is still currently in the trial phase, the expectation is that this source of energy will be able to be expanded and become a green alternative for powering the type of small electronic devices that are becoming more and more common.
* photovoltaic 광전기성의
                           




문11】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
On the human level, a cow seems simple. You feed it grass, and it pays you back with milk. It's a trick whose secret is limited to cows and a few other mammals (most can't digest grass). (A) A cow's complexity is even greater. In particular, a cow (plus a bull) can make a new generation of baby cows. This is a simple thing on a human level, but inexpressibly complex on a microscopic level. (B) Seen through a microscope, though, it all gets more complicated. And the closer you look, the more complicated it gets. Milk is not a single substance, but a mixture of many. Grass is so complex that we still don't fully understand it. (C) You don't need to understand the details to exploit the process: it's a straightforward transformation from grass into milk, more like chemistry - or *alchemy - than biology. It is, in its way, magic, but it's rational magic that works reliably. All you need is some grass, a cow and several generations of practical knowhow. * alchemy 연금술 ① (B) - (A) - (C) ② (B) - (C) - (A) ③ (C) - (A) - (B) ④ (C) - (B) - (A)
                           




문12】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
But here it’s worth noting that more than half the workforce has little or no opportunity for remote work. COVID-19’s spread flattened the cultural and technological barriers standing in the way of remote work. One analysis of the potential for remote work to persist showed that 20 to 25 percent of workforces in advanced economies could work from home in the range of three to five days a week. ( ① ) This is four to five times more remote work than pre-COVID-19. ( ② ) Moreover, not all work that can be done remotely should be; for example, negotiations, brainstorming, and providing sensitive feedback are activities that may be less effective when done remotely. ( ③ ) The outlook for remote work, then, depends on the work environment, job, and the tasks at hand, so *hybrid work setups, where some work happens on-site and some remotely, are likely to persist. ( ④ ) To unlock sustainable performance and well-being in a hybrid world, the leading driver of performance and productivity should be the sense of purpose work provides to employees, not compensation.
* hybrid 혼합체

                           




문13】Sigmund Freud에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Sigmund Freud was a doctor of psychology in Vienna, Austria at the end of the nineteenth century. He treated many patients with nervous problems through his “talk cure.” For this type of treatment, Freud simply let his patients talk to him about anything that was bothering them. While treating his patients, he began to realize that although there were events in a patient's past that she or he might not remember consciously, these events could affect the person's actions in her or his present life. Freud called the place where past memories were hidden the unconscious mind. Images from the unconscious mind might show up in a person's dreams or through the person's actions. Freud wrote a book about his theories about the unconscious mind and dreaming in 1899. The title of the book was “The Interpretation of Dreams” ① 오스트리아의 정신과 의사였다. ② 신경 문제가 있는 환자들을 대화를 통해 치료했다. ③ 기억이 나지 않는 과거는 환자에게 영향을 미치지 못한다고 주장했다. ④ “꿈의 해석”이라는 책을 썼다.
                           




문14】다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
All emotions tell us something about ourselves and our situation. But sometimes we find it hard to accept what we feel. We might judge ourselves for feeling a certain way, like if we feel jealous, for example. But instead of thinking we should not feel that way, it's better to notice how we actually feel. Avoiding negative feelings or pretending we don't feel the way we do can *backfire. It's harder to move past difficult feelings and allow them to fade if we don't face them and try to understand why we feel that way. You don't have to dwell on your emotions or constantly talk about how you feel. Emotional awareness simply means recognizing, respecting, and accepting your feelings as they happen.
* backfire 역효과를 내다 ① 부정적인 감정은 잘 조절해서 표현해야 한다. ② 과거의 부정적 감정은 되도록 빨리 극복해야 한다. ③ 감정을 수용하기 어렵다면 전문가의 도움을 받아야한다. ④ 우리의 감정을 인식하고 존중하며 그대로 받아들여야 한다.
                           




문15】주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
At the level of lawmaking, there is no reason why tech giants should have such an ironclad grip on technological resources and innovation. (A) As the Daily Wire's Matt Walsh has pointed out, for example, if you don't buy your kid a smartphone, he won't have one. There is no need to put in his hand a device that enables him to indulge his every impulse without supervision. (B) At the private and personal level, there's no reason why they should have control of your life, either. In policy, politics, and our personal lives, it should not be taken as "inevitable" that our data will be sold to the highest bidder, our children will be addicted to online games, and our lives will be lived in the metaverse. (C) As a free people, we are entitled to exert absolute control over which kinds of digital products we consume, and in what quantities. Most especially, parents should control what tech products go to their kids. ① (B) - (A) - (C) ② (B) - (C) - (A) ③ (C) - (A) - (B) ④ (C) - (B) - (A)
                           




문16】글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
These may appear as challenges which may be impossible to address because of the uncertainty in our ability to predict future climate. Global warming is a reality man has to live with. ( ① ) This is a very important issue to recognize, because, of all the parameters that affect human existence, on planet earth, it is the food security that is of paramount importance to life on earth and which is most threatened by global warming. ( ② ) Future food security will be dependent on a combination of the stresses, both biotic and *abiotic, imposed by climate change, variability of weather within the growing season, development of **cultivars more suited to different ***ambient conditions, and, the ability to develop effective adaptation strategies which allow these cultivars to express their genetic potential under the changing climate conditions. ( ③ ) However, these challenges also provide us the opportunities to enhance our understanding of soil-plant-atmosphere interaction and how one could utilize this knowledge to enable us achieve the ultimate goal of enhanced food security across all areas of the globe. ( ④ )

* abiotic 비생물적인 ** cultivar 품종 *** ambient 주변의


                           




문17】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 틀린 것은?
Anthropologist Paul Ekman proposed in the 1970s that humans experience six basic emotions: anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy, and sadness. However, the exact number of emotions ① disputing, with some researchers suggesting there are only four, and others counting as many as 27. Additionally, scientists debate whether emotions are universal to all human cultures or whether we’re born with them or learn them through experience. ② Despite these disagreements, emotions are clear products of activity in specific regions of the brain. The *amygdala and the insula or **insular cortex are two representative brain structures most ③ closely linked with emotions. The amygdala, a paired, almond-shaped structure deep within the brain, integrates emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation. It interprets fear, helps distinguish friends from foes, and identifies social rewards and how to attain ④ them. The insula is the source of disgust. The experience of disgust may protect you from ingesting poison or spoiled food.
* amygdala 편도체
** insula cortex 대뇌 피질


                           




문18】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Do you want to be a successful anchor? If so, keep this in mind. As an anchor, the individual will be called upon to communicate news and information to viewer during newscasts, special reports and other types of news programs. This will include interpreting news events, adlibbing, and communicating breaking news effectively when scripts are not available. Anchoring duties also involve gathering and writing stories. The anchor must be able to deliver scripts clearly and effectively. Strong writing skills, solid news judgement and a strong sense of visual storytelling are essential skills. This individual must be a self-starter who cultivates sources and finds new information as a regular part of job. Live reporting skills are important, as well as the ability to adlib and describe breaking news as it takes place. ① difficulties of producing live news ② qualifications to become a news anchor ③ the importance of the social role of journalists ④ the importance of forming the right public opinion
                           




문19】다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of French sculptor Auguste Rodin. Rodin, often considered a sculptural Impressionist, did not set out to rebel against artistic traditions, however, he incorporated novel ways of building his sculpture that defied classical categories and techniques. Specifically, Rodin modeled complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surfaces into clay. While he never self-identified as an Impressionist, the vigorous, gestural modeling he employed in his works is often likened to the quick, gestural *brush strokes aiming to capture a fleeting moment that was typical of the Impressionists. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and **allegory, in favor of modeling the human body with intense realism, and celebrating individual character and physicality.
* brush stroke 붓놀림
** allegory 우화, 풍자
① 현대 조각은 일반적으로 로댕의 작품에서 시작된 것으로 여겨 진다. ② 로댕은 고전적인 기술을 거부하며 조각품을 만드는 새로운 방법을 통합했다. ③ 로댕은 자신을 인상파라고 밝히며 인상파의 전형적인 붓놀림 을 보여주었다. ④ 로댕의 가장 독창적인 작품은 신화와 우화의 전통적인 주제 에서 벗어나고자 했다.
                           




문20】다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Cosmetics became so closely associated with portraiture that some photography handbooks included recipes for them. American photographers also, at times, used cosmetics to retouch negatives and prints, enlivening women's faces with traces of rouge. Some customers with dark skin requested photographs that would make them look lighter. A skin lightener advertisement that appeared in an African American newspaper in 1935 referenced this practice by promising that its product could achieve the same look produced by photographers: a lighter skin Cop free of *blemishes. By drawing attention to the face and encouraging cosmetics use, portrait photography heightened the aesthetic valuation of smooth and often light-colored skin.
* blemish (피부 등의)티 ① side effects of excessive use of cosmetics ② overuse of cosmetics promoted by photographers ③ active use of cosmetics to make the face look better ④ decreased use of cosmetics due to advances in photography
                           




문21】다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥 상 낱말의 쓰임이 가장 적절 하지 않은 것은?
“Play is something done for its own sake.” says psychiatrist Stuart Brown, author of “Play” He writes: “It’s voluntary, it’s pleasurable, it offers a sense of engagement, it takes you out of time. And the act itself is more important than the outcome.” With this definition in mind, it’s easy to recognize play’s potential benefits. Play ①nurtures relationships with oneself and others. It ②relieves stress and increases happiness. It builds feelings of empathy, creativity, and collaboration. It supports the growth of *sturdiness and grit. When children are deprived of opportunities for play, their development can be significantly ③ enhanced. Play is so important that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights declared it a ④fundamental right of every child. Play is not **frivolous. It is not something to do after the “real work” is done. Play is the real work of childhood. Through it, children have their best chance for becoming whole, happy adults.
* sturdiness 강건함
** frivolous 경박한, 하찮은


                           




문22】다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Lewis Pugh is a British endurance swimmer, who is best known for his long-distance swims in cold and open waters. He swims in cold places as a way to draw attention to the urgent need to protect the world's oceans and waterways from the effects of climate change and pollution. In 2019, Pugh decided to swim in Lake Imja, which is located in the Khumbu region of Nepal, near Mount Everest. After a failed first attempt, Lewis had a *debrief to discuss the best way to swim at 5,300 meters above sea level. He is usually very aggressive when he swims because he wants to finish quickly and get out of the cold water. But this time he showed _____ and swam slowly.
* debrief 평가회의 ① grief ② anger ③ humility ④ confidence
                           




문23】다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 가장 관계 없는 문장은?
Fast fashion is a method of producing inexpensive clothing at a rapid pace to respond to the latest fashion trends. With shopping evolving into a form of entertainment in the age of fast fashion, customers are contributing to what sustainability experts refer to as a throwaway culture. This means customers simply discard products once they are deemed useless rather than recycling or donating them. ①The consumers are generally satisfied with the quality of fast fashion brand clothing. ②As a result, these discarded items add a huge burden to the environment. ③To resolve the throwaway culture and fast fashion crisis, the concept of sustainability in fashion is brought to the spotlight. ④Sustainable fashion involves apparel, footwear, and accessories that are produced, distributed, and utilized as sustainably as possible while taking into account socio-economic and environmental concerns.
                           




문24】다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Wrinkles are a sure sign of aging, and may also hint that bone health is on the decline. Researchers at Yale School of Medicine found that some women with deepening and worsening skin wrinkles also had lower bone density, independent of age and factors known to influence bone mass. Skin and bones share a common building-block protein, type 1 collagen, which is lost with age, says study author Dr. Lubna Pal. Wrinkles between the eyebrows - the vertical lines above the bridge of the nose - appear to be the strongest markers of *brittle bones, she says. Long-term studies are needed, but it appears the skin reflects what's happening at the level of the bone, says Pal.
* brittle 잘 부러지는 ① 나이가 들면서 주름이 생기는 것은 당연한 현상이다. ② 골밀도 감소와 주름 생성의 관계에 관해서는 연구가 더 필 요하다. ③ 여성이 남성보다 주름이 더 많이 생기는 이유는 골밀도 차 이 때문이다. ④ 주름은 단지 피부 노화와만 연관된 것이 아니라 뼈 건강 상 태와도 연관이 있다.
                           




문25】다음 글의 내용과 가장 일치하지 않는 것은?
Meditation can improve your quality of life thanks to its many psychological and physical benefits. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as meditation, have been shown to improve mental health, specifically in the area of stress, according to a study in the Clinical Psychology Review. When faced with a difficult or stressful moment, our bodies create cortisol, the steroid hormone responsible for regulating stress and our natural fight-or-flight response, among many other functions. Chronic stress can cause sustained and elevated levels of cortisol, which can lead to other negative effects on your health, including *cardiovascular and immune systems and gut health. Meditation, which focuses on calming the mind and regulating emotion, can help to reduce chronic stress in the body and lower the risk of its side effects.
* cardiovascular 심혈관계의 ① Meditation benefits us both mentally and physically. ② Cortisol is released in a stressful situation. ③ Stress does not usually affect our cardiovascular systems. ④ Meditation can help lower chronic stress in the body.
                           




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